Depends on your use case, but you can use some Group Policy Objects on Linux (at least with sssd). See: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/windows_integration_guide/sssd-gpo
You can also grant sudo to AD group members in the sudoers file, which is how I’ve done it in a corporate setting.
I believe there are 3rd party ADMX templates you can add to your domain controllers to get more granular as well as additions to the AD schema, but I haven’t gone that deep with it since between sssd and the sudoers file I can achieve what I need to.
Not a distro but maybe Plasma Bigscreen is in the ballpark of what you’re after?