The civil service examinations of Imperial China allowed the state to find the best candidates to staff the vast bureaucracy that governed China from the Han Dynasty onwards (206 BCE - 220 CE). The exams were a means for a young male of any class to enter that bureaucracy and so become a part of the gentry class of scholar-officials. The exams had multiple levels and were extremely difficult to pass, requiring extensive knowledge of Confucian classics, law, government, and oratory amongst other subjects. For the state, the system supplied not only able candidates who were selected on merit but also ensured an entire class developed which had sympathy with the ruling status quo. The exams were in place for over a thousand years and are the principal reason why education is still particularly revered in Chinese culture today.

Historical Development

The idea of recruiting officials to staff the imperial bureaucracy developed from the Han Dynasty. An Imperial Academy had been established in 124 BCE for scholars to study in depth the Confucian and Taoist classics, and by the end of the Han period, this institution was training an impressive 30,000 students each year. In general, the state held the view that education was a mark of a civilised society and in order to get the best administrators to run China’s vast territories efficiently, an entire class of scholar civil servants was required. This view would prevail under varying dynasties right up to the mid-20th century CE. From the early 8th century CE the military had its own separate set of examinations.

The rulers of the Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE), who had once again unified China, were keen to further improve and centralise the traditional administration system set up by the Han. There was now a much greater emphasis not on an officials’ family connections and their letters of recommendations from powerful friends but on the abilities demonstrated in their performance in civil service examinations held in the capital. These examinations combined elements from tests used in previous regimes such as questions on government and knowledge of the classics of Chinese literature, especially those on Confucianism.

Emperor Gaozu (r. 618-626 CE), founder of the Tang dynasty (618-906 CE) continued with the same policy and added further refinements such as testing a candidate’s speaking skills. The examinations themselves were now more sophisticated with both regularly held ones and special event exams to weed out the very best recruits. Now fully established, the civil service examinations tested a young man’s knowledge of the following:

  • writing and calligraphy
  • formal essay writing techniques
  • classic literature
  • mathematics
  • legal matters
  • government matters
  • poetry
  • clear and coherent speaking

Examinations were initially organised by the Board of Civil Office and thereafter by the Board of Rites, they were held annually, and they attracted up to 2,000 candidates. Extremely testing, only about 1% of examinees actually passed, although it was possible to retake the examinations an unlimited number of times. Those who passed then faced another examination at the Board of Civil Office.

During the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) the examinations were restructured to meet greater demand - five times that seen during the Tang. Now a qualifying examination was imposed to select those candidates more likely to do well in the examinations proper.

There also began in this period certain measures to limit (but certainly not eliminate) corruption such as the introduction of anonymous marking, the use of a number instead of a candidate’s name to avoid bias, and, in the case of the second and third level exams, even the copying of handwriting by a clerk to disguise who had answered the papers.

As if the prize ticket of a place in the state apparatus were not enough of an inducement to candidates, there were other benefits, too. Successful candidates were allowed to wear certain robes which became status symbols in wider society, they were given certain tax benefits, and their new status meant they avoided corporal punishment for some criminal offences.

When the Mongols ruled China during the Yuan Dynasty (1276-1368 CE) the exams were first cancelled altogether and then reinstated but with quotas based on a candidate’s ethnicity - Han Chinese were only allowed 25% of the exam places. The civil service examination system was fully revived, though, in 1370 CE under the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 CE). Adding their own refinements to the traditional setup of previous Chinese dynasties, the Ming introduced a geographical quota system so that the richer regions did not, as was previously the case, dominate all the positions in the civil service. Meanwhile, the increase in the number of schools meant children with parents who could not afford private tuition could now, at least in some areas, receive the essential education necessary to prepare for the exams.

Under the Qing dynasty (1644-1911 CE) yet another layer of complication was added to the exam system. An examination for younger boys, which they had to pass in order to be eligible to take the level one regional civil service exam, was introduced. The Qing also added another level at the other end of this academic obstacle course. Now candidates who passed the level three palace exam had to do yet another written test, this time set by the emperor himself. The good news was that success in this final paper meant an immediate senior appointment.

Qing abolished the civil service exams system in 1905 CE. Its legacy remains, though, in the particularly high regard, indeed, almost reverence with which education is held in Chinese culture today.

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  • Beluga [comrade/them]@hexbear.net
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    2 days ago

    How long does it take to get over a break up. It’s been a month I’ve joined dating sites which is a bad idea probably just for validation but my depression is pretty bad. Is this normal? When does it end

    • TerminalEncounter [she/her]@hexbear.net
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      2 days ago

      I was with my ex for 11 years. It’s been 16 months. Still dream about them like we’re still together. It’s not as bad as it was the first few months, I felt like literally half of me was missing.

      It’s gonna be a while, you probably shouldn’t get back into dating after only a month. Try being single for a while.

      • SoylentSnake [he/him, they/them]@hexbear.net
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        2 days ago

        Try being single for a while.

        Good advice, and I’d just add to this: try to be single doesn’t mean try to be alone. Finding new sources of community, friendship, other sources of love can be incredibly healing. And hey, while it shouldn’t be your main goal, doing so can open up new opportunities to find new romantic love, too, when you’re ready

    • Commiejones [comrade/them, he/him]@hexbear.net
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      2 days ago

      For me “connecting” with someone else even if it was just a one off was always the best thing. Finding a fix of oxytocin from a new source breaks the dependency on a expartner. There is still sorrow from the loss of a friendship but the neuro chemical factors act like a multiplier on that.

    • GalaxyBrain [they/them]@hexbear.net
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      2 days ago

      Gonna be real, sometimes you just don’t. That doesn’t mean moving on and stuff isn’t the best thing to do but you could be 3 relationships later and married and still feel regret. It depends on the relationship that ended but getting really close with someone and then breaking up can just kinda stick with ya. If it’s any comfort, everyone had this going on, it’s what a shitload of major pop songs are about for a reason, quick ticket to relateability. So while it does for sure suck, it’s a very very shared human experience.

      • SoylentSnake [he/him, they/them]@hexbear.net
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        2 days ago

        Real. Some people just always stay in your heart, at least a little bit. People just don’t like to admit it. But it is very human for sure, and honestly pretty beautiful even though it also suxxxxxx

    • SoylentSnake [he/him, they/them]@hexbear.net
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      2 days ago

      there’s no roadmap sadly :( it’s an unsatisfying answer but it’s true. when i’m dealing with heartache my approach is generally a 50/50 split between keeping myself completely busy with distractions like a shark, just constantly swimming ahead, and then paradoxically giving myself space to do nothing but feel melodramatically sad (listen to sad music, weep openly, etc). also (this might be controversial), if you have friends and loved ones who you know are minimizing about this shit, do not talk to them about it. stuff it inside around those people and save the venting/processing for people in your life you know are open/accepting/nonjudgmental. we as a culture don’t have a huge amount of patience for romantic grief, but nothing feels worse than being hit with a barrage of “plenty of fish,” just move on and forget this person," etc. don’t seek emotional safety and security and validation from people you know aren’t safe or secure or validating, at least on this subject specifically.

      but anyway idk if that ramble was helpful, but be kind to yourself and take things one day at a time. losing anyone who was close/special to us/beloved in any way is one of the most painful parts of reality, no need to run from that.