TL;DR: Urea is a great supplement for substrates and culture media!

Background:

Fungi, need , next to an energy source (e.g. wood), nitrogen to grow. If too little nitrogen is available, growth suffers, which increases the risk of contamination, and yields also decrease.

Some species of fungi, including oyster mushrooms, turn into carnivores under these circumstances and secrete a secretion that attracts flies, which are then digested by it, along with their larvae.

Unfortunately, this is sometimes not only disgusting, but also introduces a lot of contamination.

Therefore, many growers use supplemented substrate, for example HWFT with grain- or soy hulls. This supplementation increases the nutrient content, but also the risk of contamination, which is why it must always be handled sterilely and be autoclaved. However, many growers do not have the capacity or want to do this.

For agar and liquid media, yeast extract or peptone is often used. Yeast extract colours the solution strongly, and peptone is somewhat expensive and difficult to obtain.

This is where AdBlue comes in. This is normally used for diesel vehicles to prevent the formation of harmful exhaust gases. AdBlue is a pure 33% urea solution, available at any petrol station for 2€/ litre. Urea is a very bioavailable source of nitrogen, which why it is also used in agriculture as a fertiliser. You know where I want to go…

Set-up of my experiment:

Agar medium:

  • 4 plates with different urea concentrations were prepared. 0 g/l (reference), 0.25 g/l, 0.5 g/l and 1 g/l.
  • base recipe: 40 g/l rice syrup, 17 g/l agar, 1l tap water (addition: the amount of rice syrup was too much back then, I halved it now for future recipes)
  • the plates were inoculated with oyster mushroom culture (same size agar transfer of a fresh clone)
  • the plates were regularly checked and photographed
  • and then I compared the growth (appearance and size of the mycelium).

Substrate:

25 g gypsum, 2.5g urea and 2l water were added to 1 kg dry matter (hardwood fuel pellets).

The reference was identical, only without the addition of urea.

Approx. 500g of Grainspawn was added to the bucket (total content: approx. 3kg) and this was stored warm for growing.

Results:

Agar (after one week):

Imgur, 1 week

  • Reference: little visible growth, mycelium looks very weak. Very fine, almost invisible hairs over the petri dish.
  • 0.25 g/l: best growth. Very fast and dense
  • 0.5 g/l: similar to 0.25 g/l
  • 1 g/l: very strong/dense mycelium (almost rhizomorph), but slow growth.

After 2.5 weeks:

Imgur, 18 days

As after one week, only stronger (reference is now very overgrown with air mycelium, 0.25 looks best, 0.5 similar, 1 g/l little growth).

Substrate:

Bucket is almost completely overgrown after only a few days Imgur, 3 days; after one week completely. Imgur, 3 days/1 week

After 2 weeks it became a solid white block. Normally this takes almost a month for me!

Update, after only 16 (!) days:

The first pins were already forming just a few hours after posting! Imgur, bucket after 16 days No visible primordia on the reference bucket without urea…

Yield:

I will post/edit as an update later.

Normally it takes about a month for the first pins to appear for me. With the supplemented buckets it seems to take a bit longer so far. It didn’t quite look like primordia were appearing yet.

The reference is already forming the first spots, which indicate that fruiting is imminent.

Further thoughts:

  • Urea has an effect on growth
  • I will use it in the future in my agar media and LCs at 0.3 g/l (1ml per liter)
  • Effect on substrate and yield is TBD
  • GM_Guy_0013@lemmy.world
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    1 year ago

    This is my first post on Lemmy!

    I don’t know much about a lot of this but what caught my eye was the first sentence saying “Diesel additive” when you’re really talking about Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). DEF is not added to diesel fuel in vehicles but is burned in the exhaust process to reduce particulate matter.

    Good luck with your experiment!

    • Guenther_Amanita@feddit.deOP
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      1 year ago

      Thanks for your addition! Abeit being a bit nitpicky, it is still very interesting to know that! I still think, “diesel additive” is more catchy for people who aren’t that much into cars. DEF is more like “what is that?”, and diesel additive is more like “what the hell was this guy thinking?!” :)

      • GM_Guy_0013@lemmy.world
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        1 year ago

        Definitely being nit-picky, I agree, but I might say that “Diesel Exhaust Fluid” is more “catchy” than “Diesel Additive” but to each their own. If you’re looking for accuracy in what appears to be a technical subject, using the correct terminology only gives you more credit. I know nothing about mushroom cultivation but I question your knowledge in it more now knowing you’re going to intentionally use false information in the first sentence of your post after being informed.

  • SalamanderMA
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    1 year ago

    Wow, this is super interesting! I knew that oyster mushrooms could hunt and eat nematodes, but I did not know that they can also secret a fly-attracting liquid to eat them! I’ve saved this post and will keep an eye for the update. I noticed that the image you posted looks like a video thumbnail - are you planning to release a video on this?!

    Also, how did you converge on the amount of 2.5 g for the urea?

    • Guenther_Amanita@feddit.deOP
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      1 year ago

      I already posted an update today - the bucket began to fruit after just 2 weeks!

      No, I don’t plan to make a video about it, since I sadly don’t have time for a YT-Channel.

      AdBlue is, normed, 33% Urea and 66% destilled Water. So, I just weighted 5g per Bucket (750g dry), which is 2g urea.

      • SalamanderMA
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        1 year ago

        I already posted an update today - the bucket began to fruit after just 2 weeks! Yeah I saw it! Still excited about the next update :D

        No, I don’t plan to make a video about it, since I sadly don’t have time for a YT-Channel.

        Ah, too bad! You already had the perfect thumbnail for it.

        AdBlue is, normed, 33% Urea and 66% destilled Water. So, I just weighted 5g per Bucket (750g dry), which is 2g urea.

        Yeah, I get that! But is there a reason why you chose 2.5 g of urea and not 5 g, or 25 g?

        For example, in hydroponics people will often fine-tune the amount of nutrients that go into the water depending on the the rate at which roots absorb different nutrients, the plant’s nutritional needs, and other considerations about the water/root chemistry. So I am curious about whether there is some specific piece of information made you pick “2.5 g” as a number - or if it is a number that you intuitively suspect could be a good number - probably not high enough to be toxic, but hopefully high enough to make a difference.

        • Guenther_Amanita@feddit.deOP
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          1 year ago

          Yeah, it was chosen back then more by intuition than by numbers tbh 😅

          There was already some study I found, where they tested something similar, and it found (I believe) that more than 5g is harmful. But I will re-do the substrate test soon with high amounts too, to see, how it affects the growth.

          But, I calculated the amount of elemental nitrogen in peptone and how much of it is used in agar/ LCs, and then based my numbers on that, calculated to urea.

          The same with the substrate, where ~1 ml/l AdBlue (= 0,2-0,5 g Urea) in the LC is the sweetspot, 3-7 g AdBlue (= 1-3 g urea) on 3-4 kg substrate is somewhat equivalent.

          • SalamanderMA
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            1 year ago

            Ah, cool!

            Yeah, it was chosen back then more by intuition than by numbers tbh 😅

            Hahaha, well, the explanation that you’ve provided is perfectly solid reasoning for deciding that 2.5 g is a good amount to test with :D

          • SalamanderMA
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            1 year ago

            The question “do oyster mushrooms even produce urease?” popped into my head and I did a quick literature check, and they do!

            You may already be aware of it, but in case you aren’t, I thought the citation might be useful for you:

            Wen, Qing, et al. “Cloning and prokaryotic expression analysis of urease gene Pourease from Pleurotus ostreatus.” Mycosystema 37.11 (2018): 1498-1506.

            The paper is in mandarin, but the abstract and figure captions are in English and they have some potentially useful info. It can be accessed for free via researchgate.